<p class="has-text-align-justify">Varsovians and visitors to the capital are invited to see the exhibition “Treasures of the Brühl Palace” located in a glass pavilion in Piłsudski Square. The artefacts on display are among the nearly 10,000 objects that archaeologists discovered during <a href="https://palacsaski.pl/aktualnosci/badania-archeologiczne-na-terenie-palacu-bruhla-sezon-2023">excavations in the former courtyard and outbuildings of the Brühl Palace in 2023.</a> Conducted on an area of more than 4,000 m², the excavations in the north-western corner of Piłsudski Square form one of the stages of the reconstruction of the Saski and Brühl Palaces and the three townhouses on Królewska Street.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Building material and decoration</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Among the artefacts that archaeologists found at the excavation site were many elements that once made up the stunning Brühl Palace complex, as well as the surrounding buildings. The most prosaic artifacts that fall into this group are bricks. The exhibition presents various handmade and machine made examples. Their different signatures allow us to guess where each piece comes from.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/1_cegla_0.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8198"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Brick with “O” signature made by machine. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">One of the larger objects on display is a fragment of a wrought-iron lattice or alloy balustrade, dating from the late 19th or early 20th century. It was found in the grounds of the Brühl Palace, but due to its age and the reconstruction of the palace carried out in the 1930s, it may also come from one of the neighbouring townhouses.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/2_fragment-kraty-balustrady.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8203"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Fragment of wrought iron grille or balustrade, metal alloy, 19<sup>th</sup>/20<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">A sandstone slab with a preserved fragment of the inscription "RI.ET / XLVI" has even a more puzzling story behind it. Although it was found among the rubble of the Brühl Palace, its origin was initially unknown. Thanks to scientific research, it was determined that it was the missing fragment of the original plaque from the eastern façade of the Royal Castle in Warsaw, placed there to commemorate the extensive remodelling ordered by king Augustus III. The historic artefact was returned to its original location at the end of March 2025, after being shown at the "Treasures of the Brühl Palace" exhibition.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/3_fragment-plyty.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8213"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Fragment of a slab with a partially preserved inscription “RI.ET / XLVI”, sandstone. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">During their excavations, archaeologists often needed the support of large machinery capable of lifting and moving sizeable pieces of stone. This was the case, for example, with a half-preserved sculpture depicting a female figure standing on a platform with the inscription “Glory”. Its “twin”, or a later copy, can be seen nearby in the main avenue of the Saxon Garden. A comparison of the two sculptures will give an idea of what the missing upper part of the body looked like, and a keen observer will also notice slight differences in their shapes.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/4_chwala.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8218"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Fragment of a sculpture depicting a woman with a preserved plinth and the inscription “GLORY”, sandstone. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/07/element-dekoracyjny.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8358"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Facade decoration, base for sculpture or vase, sandstone. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong><strong>What was eaten at the Brühl Palace?</strong></strong></h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Another group of artefacts found on the Brühl Palace site is related to food and drink. One of the delicacies in Saxon times were oysters, which had to be fresh and came from the open sea and were served with pepper, drizzled with vinegar or lemon juice. Whole handfuls of shells from these molluscs were preserved in the cellar, which was used as a rubbish dump in the mid-18th century. In this period, oysters were a delicacy with which the wealthiest people made their fasting days more pleasant. You can find out more about the exquisite and often surprising cuisine of the period by watching one of the episodes of the <a href="https://palacsaski.pl/edukacja/fenomen-palacow-saskiego-i-bruhla-na-youtube">“Phenomenon” series</a>.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/12_muszle-ostryg_ciemniejsze.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8243"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Oyster shells, part of 18<sup>th</sup> century cuisine. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">What was used to serve the food was also important. Although it is historically reported that Augustus II was particularly fond of Chinese and Japanese porcelain, the fragments of three cobalt-painted Chinese porcelain plates found in the grounds of the Brühl Palace may have had a different owner, as they probably date from the mid-18th century. Undoubtedly, the copper alloy fork presented at the exhibition comes from a different set. Archaeologists date its origin to the first half of the 20th century, so there is a chance that it was used by employees of the Telegraph Office or even the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, both of which operated in the Brühl Palace at the time.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/15_talerz_widelec.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8258"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Fragments of three cobalt-painted Chinese porcelain plates, c. 1750. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">In the mid-18th century, seltzer water, which was imported, as the name suggests, from the German town of Selters (the Taunus Mountain region) in stoneware bottles, became popular in Warsaw. Fragments of stoneware vessels with the seltzer water branding, dating to around 1750, were found during archaeological research at the Brühl Palace. Seltzer water could be later purchased from the nearby Mineral Water Institute, founded in 1847 and located in the Saxon Garden.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/18_lyzka_kufel_seltser_miska.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8268"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Fragments of a stoneware vessel with a seltzer water mark, c. 1750. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Thanks to archaeological works carried out in the Brühl Palace, it was possible to uncover the remains of a relatively well-preserved bathroom with white tiles on the walls and floor, fragments of a washbasin and an intact urinal by John Slater (Stoke) Ltd. On one of the windowsills, as if it had just been set aside, was a 20<sup>th</sup> century stoneware mug with the signature “HB”, indicating its origin from the Hofbräu brewery (Munich).</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/WEBsize-PS_03001.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8253"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Stoneware tankard with a “HB” mark from the Hofbräu brewery (Munich), 1<sup>st</sup> half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The last of the kitchen-related artefacts in the exhibition are 18th-century cylindrical glass bottles and a ceramic pot with an ear.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/8_butelki.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8233"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Glass bottles, 2<sup>nd</sup> half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/21_garnek.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8288"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Ceramic pot with a handle, 2<sup>nd</sup> half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Everyday objects in the Brühl Palace</strong></h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">This artefact posed the greatest mystery to archaeologists, who had to carry out thorough research before guessing its purpose. The glass object turned out to be a smoother from the 18th century, used for ironing linen fabrics and shining wool. After finding foreign sources describing similar objects that were used for ironing and reached even the hardest-to-reach folds of fabric, the scientists tested the performance of this ancestor of an iron on a piece of linen.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/13_szklany-gladzik.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8248"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Glass smoother used for ironing linen cloth and shining wool, 18<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Let us look at another artifact. This is a fragment of a ceramic pipe head from the second half of the 18th century. Similar finds were made during archaeological research conducted in the Saski Palace in 2006 and 2008. Joanna Borowska, a participant in that research, mentions in her book titled “The Unusual History of the Saski Palace” that in the 19th century, pipes were made in Poland to imitate Turkish pipes (<em>lulki</em>), so they were called, like the inhabitants of the city on the Bosphorus, Istanbul pipes.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/11_cybuch1.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8238"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Fragment of ceramic pipe, 2<sup>nd</sup> half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">There is also another find which, like the pipes, was an item used mostly by men. We are talking about the decorative handle of a walking stick, which took the shape of a dog’s head. Made of plastic, the cladding dates from the pre-war period (1st half of the 20th century).</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/20_pies.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8283"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Grip of a walking stick in the shape of a dog’s head, plastic, 1<sup>st</sup> half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, pre-war period. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Another everyday item comes from the period of German occupation, when Ludwik Fisher lived in the Brühl Palace, which, like the mug from the Hofbräu brewery, was found in the unearthed bathroom. It is a ceramic jar with the ominous emblem of Ordnungspolizei - a police force of the Third Reich. The vessel was probably used to store a substance used for skincare, such as vaseline.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/5_sloiczek.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8223"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Ceramic jar with the symbol of the Ordnungspolizei - a police force of the Third Reich, German occupation period in Warsaw, World War II. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Time for an old technological innovation: the “Echo D1” detector radio. The device, commonly known as the “Apple”, dates back to the 1930s and may have witnessed the work of officials of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The model was developed by the state-owned Tele- and Radio-Technic Plant Dzwonkowa (PZT), which was established in the early 1930s as a result of a merger of two other companies. Dzwonkowa was located at 30 (now 341) Grochowska Street. The Warsaw radio station was reportedly received within a radius of up to 200 kilometres!</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2023/10/Zdjecia_Pawilon_radio-detektorowe.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-6329"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Detector radio “ECHO D1”, the so-called “apple”, 1930s. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The purpose of the last item pictured, which was used on a daily basis, is familiar to all, as it is a light bulb. The blue colour of this OSRAM product is eye-catching, and the fact that it survived the war without shattering deserves praise for its quality workmanship. One of the light bulbs found during archaeological investigations at the Saski Palace site in 2006 and 2008 bore the inscription “ADM. HEADQUARTERS BUILDINGS”.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/002.Zdjecia_Pawilon-09-10-23-Web-Size-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8208"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">OSRAM bulb, 1<sup>st</sup> half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Other artefacts from the Brühl Palace</strong></h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">One of the most unexpected and at the same time very well-preserved finds was a kiddush cup dating from the first half of the 20th century, which is decorated with geometric and floral motifs. Blessings were said over such a vessel filled with wine, which was part of the ceremony performed on Shabbat and other Jewish holidays. Although excavations in the area of the Brühl Palace and its surroundings revealed a metal cup that was probably plated, kiddush glasses made of glass and silver were also produced at the time. Common ornamental motifs included lulavs, i.e. date palm branches. We can see similar decorations on a glass found in the area of the palace under reconstruction.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/9_kieliszek2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8228"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Kiddush cup decorated with geometric and floral motifs, metal, 1<sup>st</sup> half of the 20<sup>th</sup> century Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Here is one of the smaller artefacts that archaeologists found among the rubble: a fragment of a porcelain figurine that depicts a female figure and probably dates from the second half of the 18th century. Archaeologists affectionately called the partially preserved statuette a “shepherdess”, but its actual shape and original function will be known once the research is complete, as the ornamental-looking figurine could just as well have been part of a table service.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2023/12/015.Palac_Saski_wykopki_fot.t.tolloczko-29-08-23.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-6999"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Fragment of a porcelain figurine, female figure form, probably from the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://admin.palacsaski.pl/app/uploads/2024/06/040.Zdjecia_Pawilon-09-10-23-Web-Size-2.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-8278"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Glass jar, 2<sup>nd</sup> half of the 18<sup>th</sup> century. Photo by T. Tołłoczko</figcaption></figure>

pawilon_skarby_palacu_bruhla

Artefacts from the “Treasures of the Brühl Palace” exhibition

<p class="has-text-align-justify">The “Phenomenon” series consists of twelve films in which a number of researchers and specialists describe some of the most interesting topics related to the history of the Saski and Brühl Palaces. Each episode focuses on a different aspect of their past, setting it in the wider context of the history of Warsaw and Poland. The setting for the series is the 2023 archaeological survey of the site of the former Brühl Palace, which yielded nearly ten thousand artefacts. Our guide for each episode is the Head of the research, Michał Grabowski.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why did the Germans blow up the Saski and Brühl Palaces?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Despite the damage suffered by the Saski and Brühl Palaces during the September campaign, both buildings survived almost the entire period of World War II. It was not until the end of 1944, after years of functioning in both palaces, that the Germans blew up the buildings. The context of this event and the answer to the question of why it happened is provided by historian Tomasz Leszkowicz, PhD. Maciej Grabowski, a sapper, speaks about objects related to the occupation period that were found in the Brühl Palace.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vYBNVEeLPgQ&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=1
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why weren’t the Saski and Brühl Palaces rebuilt?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Nearly 70% of Warsaw’s buildings were destroyed as a result of World War II and the deliberate demolition of the city after the fall of the Warsaw Uprising. One of the tasks of the Capital Reconstruction Office, set up as early as February 1945, was to restore the historic district, i.e. the buildings in the Old Town and Krakowskie Przedmieście Street. Although many Varsovians wanted to see the city in its 1939 shape, the western frontage of Piłsudski Square (later called Victory Square for more than four decades) was not reconstructed. Artur Bojarski, PhD, historian and Varsavianist, talks about the post-war vision of the capital.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVnsOrFaJHo&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=2
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why is the Palace called “Saski”?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The Warsaw Palace, with its monumental colonnade concealing the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier in the central part, is best known in its 20th century form. Although it was very different from that of the 18th century, the name of the palace still referred to Saxon (Saski in Polish) times. Why didn’t Augustus II focus on the Royal Castle during his reign and initiated the Saxon Axis instead? This question is answered in the next episode of the series by art historian Alina Barczyk, PhD, who takes a closer look at the period when education, culture and art flourished in Warsaw.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7I3SQP6znc&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=3
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Why the Brühl Palace?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Heinrich Brühl went down in Polish history as an effective politician who went far in his career, although his methods did not always meet with universal acclaim. In 1750, he purchased the palace located next to the seat of King Augustus III. At the same time, he decided to rebuild it in order to add splendour and demonstrate his position. He was not the last owner of the place, nor the last to change its shape, but it was the name of the Saxon minister that has already become a permanent part of the name of the palace. In this episode of the series, art historian Alina Barczyk, PhD, and historian Adam Perłakowski, PhD, professor at the Jagiellonian University, discuss the phenomenon of Brühl Palace and its owner.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Eamp8UuXRw&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=4
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Did the Brühl Palace sculptures have hidden meanings?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Sculptural decoration adds splendour to the buildings and complements them. The unusually richly decorated palace on Wierzbowa Street in Warsaw was intended to testify to the power and political ability of its owner, Minister Heinrich Brühl, who enjoyed the confidence of King Augustus III. While the front facade was decorated with personifications of virtues such as generosity and integrity, the side of the Saxon Garden had sculptures of Vertumnus and Pomona, i.e. fertility deities. The significance of these and other decorations of the palace is explained by art historian Jakub Sito, PhD, professor at the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6qjqXuLHaso&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=5
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What kind of food was served at the Saski and Brühl Palaces in the 18th century?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The old court style cuisine hides many surprises for modern people. For example, it may come as a surprise that the most elaborate dishes were eaten during Lenten days. The cooks had to use their inventiveness to ensure that, despite religious restrictions, interesting dishes continued to appear on the tables of the wealthy.&nbsp;Traces of such feasts have been found during excavations at both palaces. Jarosław Dumanowski, PhD, professor at the Nicolaus Copernicus University, tells us about the surprising things that were eaten in those days.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmHK7P0jgAo&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=6
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How was the Brühl Palace remodelled in the 20th century?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Because of its name, the Brühl Palace may be associated by many with the splendour of the Saxon era. However, the form of this impressive building from the 1930s, after an extremely successful reconstruction under Bohdan Pniewski, is closer to our era. The refreshed facade, reminiscent of the most glorious moments in the palace’s history, hid sophisticated, modernist interiors ready to meet all the needs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs located here. Archaeological research consultant arch Wojciech Wółkowski, PhD, Eng, tells us what made the building stand out from other state buildings. The episode presents some of the fragments of stonework from this period, found during archaeological work in 2023.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0XH2weXeQkY&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=7
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">How did Polish scientists help defeat the Third Reich?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">It was at the Saski Palace, in the interwar period, that the German Enigma cipher machine was first broken. Work on decrypting the code was carried out at the time by young, extremely talented mathematicians from the Cipher Bureau. Prof. dr hab. Grzegorz Nowik, a historian affiliated with the Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences, talks about the significance of the cryptologists’ achievements for the Allies.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PU0RWBAk7XQ&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=8
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was Piłsudski Square like during the interwar period?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">In this episode of the series, we learn about the social aspect of Piłsudski Square. In the 1920s and 1930s, the paths of Varsovians going to the shops, restaurants or, in the evening, to the Grand Theatre or dancing often crossed here. This was also the venue for animal welfare day marches, rally starts and balloon flights. Adrian Sobieszczański, historian, Varsavianist and licensed guide to Warsaw, talks about what else was happening in the arena of everyday life for the inhabitants of Warsaw of this period.</p>



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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BsaxJ3sV69s&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=9
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Is archaeology needed today?</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Archaeological research forms one of the first stages of the reconstruction of the Saski and Brühl Palaces, but also of many other investments in the creation of new infrastructure. Over the years, a lot has changed in the work of archaeologists, with new technologies such as GPR and satellite imagery making it possible to predict what is hidden in the ground. Still, fieldwork is required for historical artefacts to see the light of day. The story behind it is revealed by archaeologist Wojciech Borkowski, PhD, deputy director of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUmI-ZLsSvM&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=10
</div></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technical innovations in 19th century Warsaw</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Warsaw could boast of innovative solutions, such as the lift in the Ossoliński (later Brühl) palace, even before the Swedish invasion. However, it was the inventions of the 19th century, such as the railway and the telephone, that brought the city to prominence as an important industrial centre. Jerzy S. Majewski, art historian and Varsavianist, also reveals where in those times you could go to one of the first open-air cinemas.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-ywdyGLWqQ&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=11
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<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Saxon Garden - Poland’s first public park</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The Saxon Garden is one of the most beautiful oases of greenery in Warsaw. However, not everyone knows the not-so-obvious history of this part of the city.&nbsp;On 27 May 1727, by the decision of king Augustus II, the Saxon Garden became the first public park in Poland. Ewa Zaraś, PhD, Assistant Professor at the Department of Environmental Protection and Dendrology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, talks about the subsequent incarnations of the Saxon Garden, as well as its most interesting aspects.</p>



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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLNsfyjLrnk&amp;list=PLd4TZA44zPw86SlHh4U5UcNMQrpeHIQVs&amp;index=12
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<p><em><em>Co-financed from the funds of the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland "Reconstruction of the Saski Palace, the Brühl Palace and tenements at Królewska Street - preparation works".</em></em></p>

education

Artefacts from the “Treasures of the Brühl Palace” exhibition

The phenomenon of the Saski and Brühl Palaces – a video series on YouTube